US Retirement Accounts
Account↕ | Type↕ | 2025 Contribution Limit↕ | Tax Treatment↕ | Best For↕ | Key Rule↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional 401(k) | Employer-sponsored | $23,500 ($31,000 if 50+) | Pre-tax contributions, taxed on withdrawal | W-2 employees with employer match | Required Minimum Distributions start at age 73 |
Roth 401(k) | Employer-sponsored | $23,500 ($31,000 if 50+) | After-tax contributions, tax-free withdrawals | Workers expecting higher taxes in retirement | Employer match goes to a pre-tax account |
Traditional IRA | Individual | $7,000 ($8,000 if 50+) | Pre-tax (if deductible), taxed on withdrawal | Savers without a workplace plan | Deductibility phases out with income if covered at work |
Roth IRA | Individual | $7,000 ($8,000 if 50+) | After-tax, tax-free growth and withdrawals | Young earners and tax-diversification | Income phase-out around $150k single / $236k married |
SEP IRA | Self-employed / small biz | Up to 25% of comp, max $70,000 | Pre-tax, taxed on withdrawal | Freelancers and owner-only businesses | Employer-only contributions, must cover eligible employees equally |
SIMPLE IRA | Small business (<100 employees) | $16,500 ($20,000 if 50+) | Pre-tax, taxed on withdrawal | Small employers wanting low-admin plans | Employer must match up to 3% or contribute 2% of pay |
Solo 401(k) | Self-employed, no employees | $70,000 total ($77,500 if 50+) | Traditional or Roth options | High-earning solopreneurs | Must file Form 5500-EZ once plan assets exceed $250k |
403(b) | Nonprofit / public school | $23,500 ($31,000 if 50+) | Pre-tax or Roth | Teachers, hospital workers, clergy | 15-year service catch-up available for long-tenured workers |
457(b) | Government / nonprofit exec | $23,500 ($31,000 if 50+) | Pre-tax or Roth | State/local gov workers (stackable with 403(b)) | No 10% early withdrawal penalty after separation from service |
Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) | Federal employees / military | $23,500 ($31,000 if 50+) | Traditional or Roth | Federal workforce and uniformed services | Lowest-cost funds in America (expense ratios ~0.04%) |
HSA (Health Savings Account) | Individual (with HDHP) | $4,300 single / $8,550 family | Triple tax-free (contribute, grow, withdraw for medical) | High-deductible health plan holders | After 65, non-medical withdrawals taxed like an IRA |
Roth IRA Conversion (Backdoor) | Workaround strategy | Limited only by trad IRA rules | Taxes paid on conversion amount | High earners above Roth income limits | Pro-rata rule applies if you hold other pre-tax IRA money |
Mega Backdoor Roth | 401(k) after-tax strategy | Up to $70,000 total plan limit | After-tax contributions converted to Roth | Tech employees with after-tax 401(k) space | Requires plan to allow after-tax contributions plus in-service rollovers |
Inherited IRA | Beneficiary account | No new contributions | Withdrawals taxed as income (pre-tax) or tax-free (Roth) | Beneficiaries of a deceased accountholder | Most non-spouse heirs must empty the account within 10 years |
Defined Benefit Pension | Employer-funded | Actuarially determined, can exceed $275k annual benefit | Pre-tax, taxed as retirement income | High-earning older self-employed | Requires actuary and firm annual funding commitments |
Cash Balance Plan | Hybrid DB plan | Age-based, can exceed $300k for older owners | Pre-tax, taxed on withdrawal | Professional firms with older partners | Often paired with a 401(k) profit-sharing plan |
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This dataset contains 16 entries, each with multiple sortable, filterable columns. The full table is visible on this page and can be downloaded as a CSV, JSON, or Excel file.
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