Condition↕ | Affected Structure↕ | Global Prevalence↕ | Typical Onset↕ | Primary Treatment↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myopia (nearsightedness) | Eyeball shape (elongated) | ~30% of world population, rising to ~50% by 2050 | Childhood | Glasses, contacts, LASIK, atropine drops | Most common refractive error, epidemic in East Asia where ~80% of teens are myopic |
Hyperopia (farsightedness) | Eyeball shape (shortened) | ~10% of adults | Often from birth | Glasses, contacts, LASIK | Difficulty with close-up work, often masked in young people by eye accommodation |
Astigmatism | Cornea (irregular curvature) | ~30% of adults | Any age | Toric lenses, glasses, LASIK | Blurry vision at all distances, often combined with myopia or hyperopia |
Presbyopia | Lens (loss of flexibility) | Nearly 100% over age 50 | 40s | Reading glasses, bifocals, multifocal lenses | Age-related loss of near focus, why middle-aged people hold menus at arm's length |
Cataract | Lens (clouding) | ~65 million people globally, ~50% over age 80 | 60+ | Surgical lens replacement | Leading cause of blindness worldwide, treatable with 15-minute outpatient surgery |
Glaucoma | Optic nerve (pressure damage) | ~80 million people globally | 40+ | Eye drops, laser, surgery | Silent thief of sight, no early symptoms, second leading cause of blindness |
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Macula (central retina) | ~200 million people globally | 50+ | Anti-VEGF injections (wet AMD), supplements (dry) | Leading cause of vision loss in developed countries, destroys central vision |
Diabetic Retinopathy | Retinal blood vessels | ~100 million people with diabetes | Diabetes duration dependent | Laser, anti-VEGF, vitrectomy | Leading cause of blindness in working-age adults, complication of diabetes |
Dry Eye Disease | Tear film | ~5-50% depending on region | Any, common in middle age | Artificial tears, cyclosporine, punctal plugs | Extremely common with screen use, worsens in dry/air-conditioned environments |
Conjunctivitis (pink eye) | Conjunctiva | Tens of millions annually | Any age | Antibiotics, antivirals, or supportive care | Highly contagious viral or bacterial inflammation, classic red itchy eye |
Retinal Detachment | Retina (separation) | ~1 in 10,000 per year | 50-75 peak | Emergency surgery (vitrectomy, buckle) | Medical emergency, flashes/floaters/curtain across vision, permanent blindness if untreated |
Keratoconus | Cornea (progressive thinning) | ~1 in 2,000 | Teens to 20s | Cross-linking, rigid contacts, corneal transplant | Cone-shaped cornea, often hereditary, advanced cases need corneal transplant |
Amblyopia (lazy eye) | Visual cortex (during development) | ~2-3% of children | Early childhood | Patching, atropine drops, corrective lenses | Most common cause of vision loss in children, reversible only if caught young |
Strabismus (crossed eyes) | Eye muscles | ~4% of children | Infancy to childhood | Glasses, vision therapy, muscle surgery | Misaligned eyes, can cause amblyopia if untreated |
Color Blindness | Cone photoreceptors | ~8% of men, ~0.5% of women | Congenital | Special lenses (limited benefit) | X-linked, red-green most common, famously tested with Ishihara plates |
Floaters | Vitreous humor | Nearly universal with age | Increases after 50 | Observation, rarely vitrectomy | Drifting shapes in vision, usually harmless but sudden increase needs urgent exam |
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