Types of Diabetes
Type↕ | Cause↕ | Typical Onset Age↕ | Primary Treatment↕ | Prevalence↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 Diabetes | Autoimmune destruction of beta cells | Childhood to young adult | Lifelong insulin | 5-10 percent of all diabetes | Previously called juvenile diabetes; requires insulin from diagnosis |
Type 2 Diabetes | Insulin resistance and relative deficiency | Typically over 40, rising in youth | Lifestyle, metformin, GLP-1 agonists, insulin | 90-95 percent of all diabetes | Most common form; strongly linked to obesity and lifestyle |
Gestational Diabetes | Pregnancy hormones causing insulin resistance | During pregnancy | Diet, exercise, sometimes insulin | 2-10 percent of pregnancies (US) | Usually resolves after delivery; increases lifetime Type 2 risk |
MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) | Single gene mutations (HNF1A, HNF4A, GCK, etc) | Before age 25 | Varies by subtype (diet, sulfonylureas, insulin) | 1-5 percent of diabetes | Monogenic form, often misdiagnosed as Type 1 or 2; genetic testing required |
LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults) | Slow autoimmune beta cell destruction | Adults over 30 | Eventually insulin | 2-12 percent of adult diabetes cases | Sometimes called Type 1.5; initially mimics Type 2 but progresses to insulin dependence |
Neonatal Diabetes | Genetic mutations affecting beta cell function | First 6 months of life | Insulin, sometimes sulfonylureas | 1 in 100,000-500,000 births | Rare monogenic diabetes; can be transient or permanent |
Type 3c (Pancreatogenic) Diabetes | Pancreatic disease or surgery | Any age after pancreatic damage | Insulin, enzyme replacement | Up to 5-10 percent of diabetes (underdiagnosed) | Follows chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or pancreatectomy; often misclassified |
Steroid-Induced Diabetes | Long-term corticosteroid use | Any age on steroid therapy | Often resolves with steroid taper; insulin if needed | Up to 46 percent of long-term steroid users | Iatrogenic; common in autoimmune and transplant patients on prednisone |
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes | Scarring of pancreas from CF | Adolescence to adulthood | Insulin | 20 percent of CF adolescents, 50 percent of CF adults | Most common comorbidity in cystic fibrosis; worsens CF outcomes |
Type 3 Diabetes (Alzheimer-linked, proposed) | Brain insulin resistance (research concept) | Older adults with Alzheimer's | Under investigation | Research term, not official | Hypothesis linking Alzheimer's disease to brain insulin signaling |
Prediabetes | Early insulin resistance | Adults | Lifestyle change, metformin | About 96 million US adults (CDC) | Reversible stage; large diabetes prevention program trials show 58 percent risk reduction |
Wolfram Syndrome (DIDMOAD) | WFS1 gene mutation | Childhood | Insulin; supportive for other symptoms | 1 in 500,000-770,000 | Rare genetic syndrome with diabetes, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy and deafness |
Mitochondrial Diabetes | Mitochondrial DNA mutations | Adolescence to mid-adulthood | Insulin, avoid metformin | Under 1 percent of diabetes | Often accompanied by hearing loss; maternally inherited |
Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (Hirata) | Autoantibodies against insulin | Adults | Dietary management, sometimes immunosuppression | Very rare, most cases in Japan | Causes spontaneous hypoglycemia; triggered by certain drugs like methimazole |
Fibrocalculous Pancreatic Diabetes | Tropical chronic pancreatitis with calcification | Young adults | Insulin, pain management | Mainly in tropical developing countries | Historically called tropical diabetes; linked to malnutrition and cassava diet theories |
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