Business Strategy Frameworks
Framework↕ | Creator↕ | Year↕ | Purpose↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SWOT Analysis | Albert Humphrey (Stanford) | 1960 | Map internal strengths/weaknesses vs external opportunities/threats | Most-used framework in business school, simple 2x2 matrix |
Porter's Five Forces | Michael Porter | 1979 | Analyze industry competitiveness and profitability drivers | Rivalry, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrants |
BCG Growth-Share Matrix | Bruce Henderson (BCG) | 1970 | Classify business units as Stars, Cash Cows, Question Marks, Dogs | 2x2 of market growth vs market share |
Blue Ocean Strategy | Kim and Mauborgne | 2005 | Create uncontested market space instead of competing in crowded red oceans | Cirque du Soleil and Yellow Tail wine as case studies |
Lean Canvas | Ash Maurya | 2010 | One-page business model for startups | Adaptation of Business Model Canvas for early-stage validation |
Business Model Canvas | Alexander Osterwalder | 2008 | Visualize key components of a business model | 9 building blocks including value proposition, customer segments |
PESTLE Analysis | Francis Aguilar (Harvard) | 1967 | Scan macro environment factors | Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental |
Ansoff Matrix | Igor Ansoff | 1957 | Map growth strategies via product and market dimensions | Market penetration, development, product development, diversification |
McKinsey 7S | Waterman and Peters | 1980 | Align seven internal org elements for effectiveness | Strategy, Structure, Systems, Shared Values, Style, Staff, Skills |
Value Chain Analysis | Michael Porter | 1985 | Identify value-adding activities in the firm's operations | Primary vs support activities distinction |
OKRs | Andy Grove (Intel) | 1970 | Set ambitious goals with measurable key results | Popularized by John Doerr, used by Google |
Balanced Scorecard | Kaplan and Norton | 1992 | Track performance across financial, customer, internal, learning perspectives | Beyond-financial metrics for strategy execution |
Jobs to Be Done | Clayton Christensen | 2003 | Understand what customers hire products to do | Milkshake marketing case study, customer outcomes focus |
VRIO Framework | Jay Barney | 1991 | Assess whether resources create sustained competitive advantage | Valuable, Rare, Inimitable, Organized |
Wardley Mapping | Simon Wardley | 2005 | Map value chain against evolution axis for strategic foresight | Used by UK Government Digital Service and AWS strategy teams |
Hoshin Kanri | Japanese manufacturers | 1960 | Align strategic goals across hierarchy via catchball process | Toyota X-Matrix, policy deployment method |
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