Model↕ | Creator↕ | Stages↕ | Year↕ | Application↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Five Stages of Grief | Elisabeth Kubler-Ross | Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance | 1969 | Terminal illness, bereavement, major loss | The most widely known grief model, from 'On Death and Dying' |
Four Tasks of Mourning | J. William Worden | Accept reality, Process pain, Adjust to world without deceased, Find connection while moving on | 1982 | Bereavement counseling | Active task-based approach vs passive stage model |
Dual Process Model | Stroebe & Schut | Oscillation between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping | 1999 | Bereavement, chronic illness | Recognizing grief involves both confronting and avoiding loss |
Continuing Bonds | Klass, Silverman & Nickman | Maintaining a healthy ongoing connection with the deceased | 1996 | Bereavement across cultures | Challenging the idea that grief means 'letting go' |
Meaning Reconstruction | Robert Neimeyer | Sense-making, Benefit-finding, Identity change | 2001 | Traumatic loss, complicated grief | Narrative approach to finding meaning after loss |
Seven Stages of Grief | Kubler-Ross & Kessler (expanded) | Shock, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Testing, Acceptance | 2005 | General bereavement | Expanded version of the original five stages |
Attachment Theory of Grief | John Bowlby | Numbing, Yearning and searching, Disorganization, Reorganization | 1980 | Loss of attachment figures | Linking grief responses to attachment styles |
Complicated Grief Treatment | M. Katherine Shear | Getting started, Core revisiting, Revisiting the world, Memories and milestones | 2005 | Prolonged grief disorder | Evidence-based treatment for grief that doesn't resolve naturally |
Tonkin's Model (Growing Around Grief) | Lois Tonkin | Grief stays the same size but life grows around it | 1996 | Long-term bereavement | Visual metaphor: grief doesn't shrink, life expands around it |
Parkes' Psychosocial Transitions | Colin Murray Parkes | Alarm, Searching, Mitigation, Anger and guilt, Gaining a new identity | 1971 | Bereavement, major life changes | Viewing grief as a psychosocial transition requiring worldview revision |
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