Types of Tides
Type↕ | Cause↕ | Frequency↕ | Typical Range (m)↕ | Example Location↕ | Notes↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring Tide | Sun, Earth, Moon aligned (new/full moon) | Twice a month | 6 | Bay of Fundy, Canada | Highest highs and lowest lows; unrelated to season 'spring' |
Neap Tide | Sun and Moon at right angles (quarter moon) | Twice a month | 2 | Global; alternates with springs | Lowest tidal range; weakest tides of the cycle |
Semi-Diurnal Tide | Two equal high and low tides per day | 12 h 25 min cycle | 3 | Atlantic coasts | Two nearly equal highs and lows each lunar day |
Diurnal Tide | One high and one low tide per day | 24 h 50 min cycle | 1 | Gulf of Mexico | Single daily cycle due to basin resonance |
Mixed Tide | Two unequal high and low tides per day | 12 h 25 min cycle | 2 | US West Coast | Common on Pacific coasts; alternating heights |
King Tide | Sun-Moon perigee alignment (perigean spring) | A few times per year | 7 | Miami, Venice | Extreme high tides; increasingly cause coastal flooding |
Perigean Tide | Moon at closest point (perigee) | Every ~27 days | 5 | Global | Higher range than average; amplifies springs into king tides |
Apogean Tide | Moon at farthest point (apogee) | Every ~27 days | 2 | Global | Lower tidal range; weakens both springs and neaps |
Meteorological Tide (Storm Surge) | Wind and low atmospheric pressure | During storms | 4 | New Orleans (Katrina) | Not astronomical; can cause catastrophic flooding |
Rip Tide (Rip Current) | Narrow fast-moving water flowing seaward | Whenever waves break over sandbars | 0 | Surf beaches worldwide | Not a true tide; deadly for swimmers |
Tidal Bore | Incoming tide forces up a river as a wave | Every tidal cycle in some estuaries | 4 | Qiantang River, China | Can be surfed; Severn Bore in UK is famous |
Estuarine Tide | Interaction of tides with freshwater flow | Varies by estuary | 2 | Thames Estuary, UK | Amphidromic effects create complex patterns |
Internal Tide | Tidal flow over underwater topography | Same as surface tides | 100 | Luzon Strait | Wave inside the ocean between different density layers |
Equatorial Tide | Moon over equator causes smaller diurnal inequality | Twice a month | 1 | Equator | Occurs when moon crosses the equator twice per lunar month |
Tropic Tide | Moon at maximum declination | Twice a month | 2 | Mid-latitudes | Maximum diurnal inequality in mixed-tide regimes |
Amphidromic Point Tide | Rotation of tidal wave around a node | Continuous | 0 | Central North Sea | Tidal range is zero at these points; waves rotate around them |
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