Science

Types of Rocks and Minerals

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Source:Community curated
Updated:3/20/2026
20/20
Name
Type
Hardness
Color
Uses
Known For
Granite
Igneous6-7Pink, gray, whiteCountertops, monuments, constructionMost common intrusive igneous rock on Earth
Basalt
Igneous6Dark gray to blackRoad base, building stoneMost common extrusive rock, forms ocean floor
Obsidian
Igneous5-5.5Black, glassySurgical blades, jewelry, toolsVolcanic glass, sharper than steel scalpels
Pumice
Igneous6Light gray, whiteAbrasive, lightweight concreteOnly rock that floats on water due to air pockets
Rhyolite
Igneous6-7Light gray, pinkConstruction aggregateFine-grained equivalent of granite, often forms lava domes
Limestone
Sedimentary3-4White, cream, grayCement, building stone, limeMade from marine organisms, forms caves and karst landscapes
Sandstone
Sedimentary6-7Tan, brown, redBuilding stone, paving, aquifersFormed from cemented sand grains, common in deserts
Shale
Sedimentary3Gray, black, brownBrick, tile, source of oil/gasMost common sedimentary rock, splits into thin layers
Conglomerate
SedimentaryVariableMixedDecorative stone, constructionMade of rounded pebbles cemented together
Chalk
Sedimentary1WhiteWriting, cement, agricultureFormed from microscopic marine organisms (coccolithophores)
Coal
Sedimentary1-4Black, brownFuel, electricity generationFormed from ancient plant matter, powered Industrial Revolution
Marble
Metamorphic3-5White, pink, greenSculpture, flooring, monumentsMetamorphosed limestone, used in Taj Mahal and Parthenon
Slate
Metamorphic5.5Gray, black, greenRoofing, flooring, chalkboardsSplits into perfectly flat sheets (foliation)
Quartzite
Metamorphic7White, gray, pinkCountertops, railroad ballastExtremely hard, metamorphosed sandstone
Gneiss
Metamorphic6-7Banded light and darkConstruction, decorative stoneDistinctive banded pattern, high-grade metamorphic rock
Schist
Metamorphic4-5Silvery, green, brownDecorative stone, garden pathsVisible mica flakes give it a shiny appearance
Quartz
Mineral7Clear, white, many colorsElectronics, jewelry, glassmakingSecond most abundant mineral in Earth's crust
Diamond
Mineral10Clear (various)Jewelry, cutting tools, abrasivesHardest natural material, made of pure carbon
Feldspar
Mineral6-6.5White, pink, grayCeramics, glassmakingMost abundant mineral group on Earth (60% of crust)
Mica
Mineral2.5-4Clear, brown, blackElectronics, insulation, cosmeticsPeels into thin transparent sheets, excellent heat resistance

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This dataset contains 20 entries, each with multiple sortable, filterable columns. The full table is visible on this page and can be downloaded as a CSV, JSON, or Excel file.

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