Name↕ | Type↕ | Hardness↕ | Color↕ | Uses↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granite | Igneous | 6-7 | Pink, gray, white | Countertops, monuments, construction | Most common intrusive igneous rock on Earth |
Basalt | Igneous | 6 | Dark gray to black | Road base, building stone | Most common extrusive rock, forms ocean floor |
Obsidian | Igneous | 5-5.5 | Black, glassy | Surgical blades, jewelry, tools | Volcanic glass, sharper than steel scalpels |
Pumice | Igneous | 6 | Light gray, white | Abrasive, lightweight concrete | Only rock that floats on water due to air pockets |
Rhyolite | Igneous | 6-7 | Light gray, pink | Construction aggregate | Fine-grained equivalent of granite, often forms lava domes |
Limestone | Sedimentary | 3-4 | White, cream, gray | Cement, building stone, lime | Made from marine organisms, forms caves and karst landscapes |
Sandstone | Sedimentary | 6-7 | Tan, brown, red | Building stone, paving, aquifers | Formed from cemented sand grains, common in deserts |
Shale | Sedimentary | 3 | Gray, black, brown | Brick, tile, source of oil/gas | Most common sedimentary rock, splits into thin layers |
Conglomerate | Sedimentary | Variable | Mixed | Decorative stone, construction | Made of rounded pebbles cemented together |
Chalk | Sedimentary | 1 | White | Writing, cement, agriculture | Formed from microscopic marine organisms (coccolithophores) |
Coal | Sedimentary | 1-4 | Black, brown | Fuel, electricity generation | Formed from ancient plant matter, powered Industrial Revolution |
Marble | Metamorphic | 3-5 | White, pink, green | Sculpture, flooring, monuments | Metamorphosed limestone, used in Taj Mahal and Parthenon |
Slate | Metamorphic | 5.5 | Gray, black, green | Roofing, flooring, chalkboards | Splits into perfectly flat sheets (foliation) |
Quartzite | Metamorphic | 7 | White, gray, pink | Countertops, railroad ballast | Extremely hard, metamorphosed sandstone |
Gneiss | Metamorphic | 6-7 | Banded light and dark | Construction, decorative stone | Distinctive banded pattern, high-grade metamorphic rock |
Schist | Metamorphic | 4-5 | Silvery, green, brown | Decorative stone, garden paths | Visible mica flakes give it a shiny appearance |
Quartz | Mineral | 7 | Clear, white, many colors | Electronics, jewelry, glassmaking | Second most abundant mineral in Earth's crust |
Diamond | Mineral | 10 | Clear (various) | Jewelry, cutting tools, abrasives | Hardest natural material, made of pure carbon |
Feldspar | Mineral | 6-6.5 | White, pink, gray | Ceramics, glassmaking | Most abundant mineral group on Earth (60% of crust) |
Mica | Mineral | 2.5-4 | Clear, brown, black | Electronics, insulation, cosmetics | Peels into thin transparent sheets, excellent heat resistance |
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