Types of Network Protocols
Protocol↕ | Year Introduced↕ | OSI Layer↕ | Default Port↕ | Primary Use Case↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IP (Internet Protocol) | 1974 | Network (L3) | N/A | Packet routing across networks | Foundation of the internet, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing |
TCP | 1974 | Transport (L4) | N/A | Reliable ordered data delivery | Three-way handshake, the workhorse of the web |
UDP | 1980 | Transport (L4) | N/A | Low-latency fire-and-forget | Gaming, video calls, DNS queries - fast but unreliable |
HTTP | 1991 | Application (L7) | 80 | Web page requests and responses | The protocol of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee invention |
HTTPS | 1994 | Application (L7) | 443 | Encrypted web traffic | The padlock icon, now universal on the web |
HTTP/2 | 2015 | Application (L7) | 443 | Multiplexed web traffic | Binary framing, server push, major HTTP upgrade |
HTTP/3 (QUIC) | 2022 | Application (L7) | 443 | UDP-based modern web | Google QUIC origin, faster connection setup |
FTP | 1971 | Application (L7) | 21 | File transfer | The classic file protocol, mostly replaced by SFTP/HTTPS |
SSH | 1995 | Application (L7) | 22 | Secure remote shell | Every sysadmin's daily tool, replaced Telnet |
SMTP | 1982 | Application (L7) | 25 / 587 | Sending email | The email sending protocol, still runs all email |
IMAP | 1986 | Application (L7) | 143 / 993 | Reading email from server | Keeps mail on server, standard for modern mail clients |
DNS | 1983 | Application (L7) | 53 | Domain name resolution | Turns names into IPs, 'it's always DNS' meme |
DHCP | 1993 | Application (L7) | 67/68 | Automatic IP assignment | Why your laptop just works on WiFi |
WebSocket | 2011 | Application (L7) | 80 / 443 | Full-duplex web communication | Real-time chat, live dashboards, gaming |
MQTT | 1999 | Application (L7) | 1883 / 8883 | IoT messaging | Lightweight pub/sub, runs billions of IoT devices |
gRPC | 2016 | Application (L7) | varies | Service-to-service RPC | Google-built, protobuf-based, microservices favorite |
BGP | 1989 | Network (L3) | 179 | Internet routing between ASes | Holds the internet together, famously fragile |
ICMP | 1981 | Network (L3) | N/A | Network diagnostics | Powers ping and traceroute |
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