Technology

Types of Network Protocols

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Protocol
Year Introduced
OSI Layer
Default Port
Primary Use Case
Known For
IP (Internet Protocol)
1974Network (L3)N/APacket routing across networksFoundation of the internet, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing
TCP
1974Transport (L4)N/AReliable ordered data deliveryThree-way handshake, the workhorse of the web
UDP
1980Transport (L4)N/ALow-latency fire-and-forgetGaming, video calls, DNS queries - fast but unreliable
HTTP
1991Application (L7)80Web page requests and responsesThe protocol of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee invention
HTTPS
1994Application (L7)443Encrypted web trafficThe padlock icon, now universal on the web
HTTP/2
2015Application (L7)443Multiplexed web trafficBinary framing, server push, major HTTP upgrade
HTTP/3 (QUIC)
2022Application (L7)443UDP-based modern webGoogle QUIC origin, faster connection setup
FTP
1971Application (L7)21File transferThe classic file protocol, mostly replaced by SFTP/HTTPS
SSH
1995Application (L7)22Secure remote shellEvery sysadmin's daily tool, replaced Telnet
SMTP
1982Application (L7)25 / 587Sending emailThe email sending protocol, still runs all email
IMAP
1986Application (L7)143 / 993Reading email from serverKeeps mail on server, standard for modern mail clients
DNS
1983Application (L7)53Domain name resolutionTurns names into IPs, 'it's always DNS' meme
DHCP
1993Application (L7)67/68Automatic IP assignmentWhy your laptop just works on WiFi
WebSocket
2011Application (L7)80 / 443Full-duplex web communicationReal-time chat, live dashboards, gaming
MQTT
1999Application (L7)1883 / 8883IoT messagingLightweight pub/sub, runs billions of IoT devices
gRPC
2016Application (L7)variesService-to-service RPCGoogle-built, protobuf-based, microservices favorite
BGP
1989Network (L3)179Internet routing between ASesHolds the internet together, famously fragile
ICMP
1981Network (L3)N/ANetwork diagnosticsPowers ping and traceroute

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