Technology

Headphone Driver Types

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Driver Type
How It Works
Frequency Response
Typical Impedance
Price Range
Example Headphone
Dynamic (Moving Coil)
Voice coil attached to diaphragm moves in magnetic gapStrong bass, warm signature16-600 ohms$10-$2,000Sennheiser HD 650
Planar Magnetic
Thin film diaphragm with printed conductors between magnetsFast transients, even response, extended bass16-100 ohms$200-$6,000HiFiMAN Susvara
Electrostatic
Extremely thin diaphragm suspended between charged statorsUltra-detailed, airy treble, delicate bassRequires dedicated energizer$1,000-$6,500STAX SR-009S
Balanced Armature
Armature pivots between magnets driving a pin to diaphragmPrecise mids and highs, limited bass extension10-50 ohms$50-$2,000Etymotic ER4XR
Bone Conduction
Vibrates cheekbone to transmit sound bypassing eardrumLimited bass, tinny highs, open-ear awareness8-32 ohms$30-$200Shokz OpenRun Pro
Magnetostriction (AMT)
Folded Kapton diaphragm squeezes air like an accordionExtremely fast treble, detailed midrange12-60 ohms$150-$1,000DUNU SA6 Ultra
Hybrid (Multi-Driver)
Combines dynamic woofer with BA or EST tweetersWide range, crossover tuning dependent8-32 ohms$100-$5,000Campfire Audio Solaris
Electret
Permanently charged diaphragm, similar to electrostatic but self-biasedDetailed, slightly less resolving than true electrostaticVaries, no dedicated amp needed$300-$1,500Koss ESP/95X
Ribbon
Ultra-thin aluminum ribbon suspended in magnetic fieldExceptional treble detail, fragile bass20-100 ohms$500-$4,000RAAL SR1a
Piezoelectric
Ceramic crystal deforms under voltage to push diaphragmHarsh treble, narrow range, vintage toneHigh impedance$5-$50Vintage crystal earpiece
Dynamic + Planar Hybrid
Dynamic woofer for bass, planar driver for mids/trebleDeep bass with planar detail in upper range16-50 ohms$300-$2,000Audeze LCD-i3
BA + EST Hybrid
Balanced armature with electrostatic super-tweeterPrecise mids, extended airy treble10-40 ohms$500-$4,000Empire Ears Odin
Isodynamic
Flat conductor pattern on thin diaphragm, early planar designSmooth midrange, vintage warmth40-600 ohms$50-$500 (vintage)Yamaha YH-100 (1977)
MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical)
Silicon micro-speaker etched on semiconductor waferConsistent unit-to-unit, extended highsVaries$100-$500xMEMS Montara-based IEMs
True Electrostatic IEM
Miniaturized electrostatic driver in IEM shellAiry, ultra-detailed treble extensionRequires EST transformer$1,000-$5,000Shure KSE1200

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