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Event↕ | Year↕ | Location↕ | Key Figure↕ | Category↕ | Significance↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Construction of Florence Cathedral dome | 1436 | Florence, Italy | Filippo Brunelleschi | Architecture | Largest brick dome ever built, symbol of Renaissance engineering |
Gutenberg prints the Bible | 1455 | Mainz, Germany | Johannes Gutenberg | Technology | Movable-type printing revolution across Europe |
Fall of Constantinople | 1453 | Constantinople | Mehmed II | Politics | Greek scholars fled west with classical texts |
Medici rise to power in Florence | 1434 | Florence, Italy | Cosimo de Medici | Politics | Banking family became patrons of the arts |
Botticelli paints Birth of Venus | 1486 | Florence, Italy | Sandro Botticelli | Art | Revived classical mythology in painting |
Columbus reaches the Americas | 1492 | Bahamas | Christopher Columbus | Exploration | Opened Atlantic world to Europe |
Leonardo begins The Last Supper | 1495 | Milan, Italy | Leonardo da Vinci | Art | Mastered linear perspective and dramatic composition |
Michelangelo carves David | 1504 | Florence, Italy | Michelangelo Buonarroti | Sculpture | Summit of classical nude sculpture revival |
Sistine Chapel ceiling completed | 1512 | Vatican City | Michelangelo Buonarroti | Art | Four years of painting, defining Western art |
Machiavelli writes The Prince | 1513 | Florence, Italy | Niccolo Machiavelli | Political thought | Founded modern political science |
Luther posts 95 Theses | 1517 | Wittenberg, Germany | Martin Luther | Religion | Sparked the Protestant Reformation |
Magellan expedition circumnavigates globe | 1522 | Global | Ferdinand Magellan / Elcano | Exploration | First circumnavigation of Earth |
Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus | 1543 | Nuremberg, Germany | Nicolaus Copernicus | Science | Placed the Sun at center of solar system |
Vesalius publishes De humani corporis fabrica | 1543 | Basel, Switzerland | Andreas Vesalius | Science | Founded modern human anatomy |
Council of Trent begins | 1545 | Trent, Italy | Pope Paul III | Religion | Catholic Counter-Reformation response |
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