History

Types of Calendar System

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Calendar
Type
Origin
Used By
Known For
Gregorian Calendar
Solar1582, Pope Gregory XIIIMost of the world (civil)The global standard, fixed the Julian drift, 365.2425 day year, leap year every 4 years (with exceptions)
Islamic (Hijri) Calendar
Lunar622 AD, Arabian PeninsulaMuslim world (religious)12 lunar months = 354 days, Ramadan shifts ~11 days/year, begins from Muhammad's migration to Medina
Hebrew Calendar
Lunisolar4th century AD (codified)Jewish communitiesLeap month (Adar II) keeps holidays in season, currently year 5786, Rosh Hashanah = new year
Chinese Calendar
Lunisolar~2700 BC (legendary)East Asian cultures12 zodiac animals, Chinese New Year, leap months, Year of the Dragon, governs festivals
Julian Calendar
Solar45 BC, Julius CaesarSome Orthodox churchesPredecessor to Gregorian, drifted 10 days by 1582, Russia didn't switch until 1918, 'Old Style' dates
Mayan Calendar
Multiple cycles~5th century BC, MesoamericaAncient Maya civilizationLong Count cycle ended Dec 21, 2012 (no apocalypse), Tzolkin 260-day + Haab 365-day interlocking wheels
Hindu Calendar (Panchang)
LunisolarVedic period, IndiaHindu communitiesMultiple regional variants, governs Diwali and Holi dates, tithi (lunar day) system, astrological integration
Persian (Solar Hijri) Calendar
Solar2nd millennium BC (reformed 1079)Iran, AfghanistanMost accurate calendar — begins at vernal equinox, Omar Khayyam helped reform it, Nowruz = new year
Ethiopian Calendar
Solar~4th century ADEthiopia13 months (12 × 30 days + 1 × 5-6 days), 7-8 years behind Gregorian, 'Land of 13 Months of Sunshine'
Buddhist Calendar
Lunisolar~3rd century BCSoutheast Asian countriesYear count from Buddha's death, Thailand is currently ~2569 BE, governs Vesak and other festivals
Coptic Calendar
SolarAncient EgyptCoptic Christians, Ethiopian baseDescended from ancient Egyptian calendar, 12 months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days, Nile flood tracking
French Republican Calendar
Solar1793, French RevolutionFrance (1793-1805 only)10-day weeks, months named after nature (Brumaire, Thermidor), abolished by Napoleon, decimal time attempt
Bahá'í Calendar (Badí')
Solar1844, PersiaBahá'í communities19 months of 19 days = 361 + 4-5 intercalary days, each month named for a divine attribute
ISO Week Date Calendar
Solar (systematic)1988 (ISO 8601)International businessYear-Week-Day format (2024-W01-1), weeks always start Monday, used in shipping and accounting
Unix Epoch Time
Linear (seconds)1970, Bell LabsAll computersSeconds since Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC, Y2K38 problem (32-bit overflow in 2038), programmer's calendar

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