History
Types of Calendar System
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Calendar↕ | Type↕ | Origin↕ | Used By↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gregorian Calendar | Solar | 1582, Pope Gregory XIII | Most of the world (civil) | The global standard, fixed the Julian drift, 365.2425 day year, leap year every 4 years (with exceptions) |
Islamic (Hijri) Calendar | Lunar | 622 AD, Arabian Peninsula | Muslim world (religious) | 12 lunar months = 354 days, Ramadan shifts ~11 days/year, begins from Muhammad's migration to Medina |
Hebrew Calendar | Lunisolar | 4th century AD (codified) | Jewish communities | Leap month (Adar II) keeps holidays in season, currently year 5786, Rosh Hashanah = new year |
Chinese Calendar | Lunisolar | ~2700 BC (legendary) | East Asian cultures | 12 zodiac animals, Chinese New Year, leap months, Year of the Dragon, governs festivals |
Julian Calendar | Solar | 45 BC, Julius Caesar | Some Orthodox churches | Predecessor to Gregorian, drifted 10 days by 1582, Russia didn't switch until 1918, 'Old Style' dates |
Mayan Calendar | Multiple cycles | ~5th century BC, Mesoamerica | Ancient Maya civilization | Long Count cycle ended Dec 21, 2012 (no apocalypse), Tzolkin 260-day + Haab 365-day interlocking wheels |
Hindu Calendar (Panchang) | Lunisolar | Vedic period, India | Hindu communities | Multiple regional variants, governs Diwali and Holi dates, tithi (lunar day) system, astrological integration |
Persian (Solar Hijri) Calendar | Solar | 2nd millennium BC (reformed 1079) | Iran, Afghanistan | Most accurate calendar — begins at vernal equinox, Omar Khayyam helped reform it, Nowruz = new year |
Ethiopian Calendar | Solar | ~4th century AD | Ethiopia | 13 months (12 × 30 days + 1 × 5-6 days), 7-8 years behind Gregorian, 'Land of 13 Months of Sunshine' |
Buddhist Calendar | Lunisolar | ~3rd century BC | Southeast Asian countries | Year count from Buddha's death, Thailand is currently ~2569 BE, governs Vesak and other festivals |
Coptic Calendar | Solar | Ancient Egypt | Coptic Christians, Ethiopian base | Descended from ancient Egyptian calendar, 12 months of 30 days + 5 epagomenal days, Nile flood tracking |
French Republican Calendar | Solar | 1793, French Revolution | France (1793-1805 only) | 10-day weeks, months named after nature (Brumaire, Thermidor), abolished by Napoleon, decimal time attempt |
Bahá'í Calendar (Badí') | Solar | 1844, Persia | Bahá'í communities | 19 months of 19 days = 361 + 4-5 intercalary days, each month named for a divine attribute |
ISO Week Date Calendar | Solar (systematic) | 1988 (ISO 8601) | International business | Year-Week-Day format (2024-W01-1), weeks always start Monday, used in shipping and accounting |
Unix Epoch Time | Linear (seconds) | 1970, Bell Labs | All computers | Seconds since Jan 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC, Y2K38 problem (32-bit overflow in 2038), programmer's calendar |
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