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Language↕ | Year Created↕ | Creator↕ | Paradigm↕ | Known For↕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Python | 1991 | Guido van Rossum | Multi-paradigm | Readability obsession, whitespace as syntax, AI/ML dominance, 'batteries included', the GIL debate |
JavaScript | 1995 | Brendan Eich | Multi-paradigm | Built in 10 days, runs everywhere, typeof null === 'object', callback hell, conquered the world anyway |
TypeScript | 2012 | Microsoft (Anders Hejlsberg) | Multi-paradigm | JavaScript but with types, Anders Hejlsberg's third language, 'any' is a code smell, generics rabbit hole |
Java | 1995 | James Gosling (Sun) | OOP | Write once run anywhere (sort of), enterprise everything, AbstractSingletonProxyFactoryBean, 3 billion devices |
C | 1972 | Dennis Ritchie | Procedural | Built Unix, built the world, pointer arithmetic, segfaults as a lifestyle, K&R is scripture |
C++ | 1985 | Bjarne Stroustrup | Multi-paradigm | C with classes (and templates, and exceptions, and...), game engines, undefined behavior, Bjarne's FAQ |
Rust | 2015 | Graydon Hoare (Mozilla) | Multi-paradigm | Memory safety without GC, borrow checker fights, most loved language 7 years running, 'rewrite it in Rust' |
Go | 2009 | Google (Pike, Thompson, Griesemer) | Procedural/Concurrent | Simplicity as a feature, goroutines, no generics (then generics), gopher mascot, cloud infrastructure language |
Swift | 2014 | Apple (Chris Lattner) | Multi-paradigm | Replaced Objective-C, protocol-oriented programming, Swift Playgrounds, optionals everywhere, Apple ecosystem lock-in |
Kotlin | 2011 | JetBrains | Multi-paradigm | Better Java on the JVM, Android's preferred language, null safety, coroutines, data classes |
C# | 2000 | Microsoft (Anders Hejlsberg) | OOP | Microsoft's Java killer, Unity game engine, LINQ is beautiful, .NET evolution, async/await pioneer |
Ruby | 1995 | Yukihiro Matsumoto | OOP | Optimized for developer happiness, Rails changed web dev, everything is an object, 'Matz is nice so we are nice' |
PHP | 1995 | Rasmus Lerdorf | Multi-paradigm | Powers 77% of the web, WordPress, 'fractal of bad design' essay, massive glow-up with PHP 8, Laravel renaissance |
Haskell | 1990 | Committee | Functional | Pure functional, monads (burritos?), lazy evaluation, type system as proof, 'avoid success at all costs' |
Scala | 2004 | Martin Odersky | Multi-paradigm | Functional + OOP on JVM, Spark/big data, implicits confusion, Scala 3 rewrote itself, type-level programming |
Perl | 1987 | Larry Wall | Multi-paradigm | Regex Swiss army knife, CPAN, 'there is more than one way to do it', duct tape of the internet, line noise syntax |
R | 1993 | Ross Ihaka & Robert Gentleman | Functional/OOP | Statistics and data viz, ggplot2 is art, CRAN, tidyverse vs base R wars, 1-indexed arrays |
Lua | 1993 | PUC-Rio team (Brazil) | Multi-paradigm | Game scripting king, Roblox, World of Warcraft addons, tiny embeddable runtime, 1-indexed (controversial) |
Elixir | 2011 | José Valim | Functional/Concurrent | Erlang VM with Ruby syntax, Phoenix framework, LiveView magic, fault-tolerant by design, WhatsApp-scale concurrency |
Zig | 2016 | Andrew Kelley | Procedural | C replacement without hidden control flow, comptime, drop-in C compiler replacement, Bun runtime uses it |
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