Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain | Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain | | Cantabria | 1985 | 310; i, iii (cultural) | The Cave of Altamira contains examples of cave painting from the Upper Paleolithic period, ranging from 35,000 to 11,000 BC. The original listing contained seventeen decorated caves. The caves are well-preserved because of their deep isolation from the external climate. |
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct | Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct | | Castile and León | 1985 | 311; i, iii, iv (cultural) | The Roman aqueduct was constructed in the 1st century, the medieval Alcázar palace in the 11th century, and the cathedral in the 16th. |
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias | Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias | | Asturias | 1985 | 312; i, ii, iv (cultural) | The Kingdom of Asturias remained the only Christian region of Spain in the 9th century. It developed its own style of Pre-Romanesque art and architecture that is displayed in various churches and other monuments. The original entry titled "Churches of the Kingdom of the Asturias" and was extended to include other monuments such as La Foncalada. |
Historic Centre of Córdoba | Historic Centre of Córdoba | | Andalusia | 1984 | 313 i, ii, iii, iv (cultural) | The original listing was the Great Mosque of Córdoba, a 7th-century Catholic Church converted to a mosque in the 8th century; restored to a Roman Catholic cathedral in the 13th century by Ferdinand III. During the high period of the Moorish rule of the region, Córdoba had over 300 mosques and architecture that compared to that of Constantinople, Damascus, and Baghdad. |
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín | Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín | | Andalusia | 1984 | 314; i, iii, iv (cultural) | The three sites are remnants of the Moorish influence in southern Spain. The fortress Alhambra and the palace Generalife were built by the rulers of the Emirate of Granada. The Albayzín district contains examples of the Moorish vernacular architecture and was added to the listing in 1994. |
| Burgos Cathedral | | Castile and León | 1984 | 316; ii, iv, vi (cultural) | The Gothic-style cathedral was constructed between the 13th and 16th centuries. It is the burial place of Spanish national hero, El Cid. |
Monastery and Site of the Escorial | Monastery and Site of the Escorial | | Madrid | 1984 | 318; i, ii, vi (cultural) | El Escorial is one of several Spanish royal sites due to its history as a residence of the royal family. The palace was designed by King Philip II and architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to serve as a monument to Spain's central role in the Christian world. |
| Works of Antoni Gaudí | | Catalonia | 1984 | 320; i, ii, iv (cultural) | The architecture of Antoni Gaudí is part of the Modernist style, but his designs are described as highly unique. The original listing featured Park Güell, Palau Güell, and Casa Milà; the 2005 extension added Casa Vicens, the crypt and nativity façade of Sagrada Família, Casa Batlló, and the crypt at Colònia Güell. |
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) | Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) | | Galicia | 1985 | 347; i, ii, vi (cultural) | The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the reputed burial-place of the apostle James, and is the terminus of the Way of St. James, a pilgrimage across northern Spain. The town was destroyed by Muslims in the 10th century and rebuilt during the following century. |
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches | Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches | | Castile and León | 1985 | 348; iii, iv (cultural) | The defensive wall surrounding the original town was constructed in the 11th century. It features 82 semicircular towers and 9 gates, and is one of the most complete examples of town walls in Spain. |
Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon | Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon | | Aragon | 1986 | 378; iv (cultural) | The original listing contained four churches in Teruel in the Mudéjar style, a blending of traditional Islamic and contemporary European styles. In 2001, the listing was expanded to include an additional six monuments. |
| Historic City of Toledo | | Castile-La Mancha | 1986 | 379; i, ii, iii, iv (cultural) | Toledo was founded by the Romans, served as the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom, was important in Muslim Spain and during the Reconquista, and briefly served as the capital of Spain. The city combines Christian, Muslim, and Jewish influences. |
| Garajonay National Park | | Canary Islands | 1986 | 380; vii, ix (natural) | The park is 70% covered by laurisilva or laurel forest, vegetation from the Paleogene period that disappeared from mainland Europe due to climate change, but had covered much of the southern continent. |
| Old City of Salamanca | | Castile and León | 1988 | 381rev; i, ii, iv (cultural) | Salamanca is important as a university city, as the University of Salamanca, founded in 1218, is the oldest in Spain and among the oldest in Europe. The city was first conquered by the Carthaginians in the 3rd century, and later ruled by the Romans and Moors. The city centre represents Romanesque, Gothic, Moorish, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture. |
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville | Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville | | Andalusia | 1987 | 383; i, ii, iii, iv | The Alcázar was built during the Almohad dynasty that ruled southern Spain until the Reconquista. The cathedral dates to the 15th century and holds the tombs of Ferdinand III and Christopher Columbus. The Archivo (Archive) houses documents relating to the colonization of the Americas. |
| Old Town of Cáceres | | Extremadura | 1986 | 384; iii, iv (cultural) | The old town combines Roman, Islamic, Northern Gothic, and Italian Renaissance architectural influences, including more than 30 Islamic towers. |
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture | Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture | | Balearic Islands | 1999 | 417; ii, iii, iv, ix, x (mixed) | The coast of Ibiza is home to posidonia oceanica, a seagrass only found in the Mediterranean that supports a diverse coastal and marine ecosystem. The island also contains numerous Phoenician ruins, and the fortified and walled older portions of the city date to the 16th century. |
| Poblet Monastery | | Catalonia | 1991 | 518; i, iv (cultural) | The monastery was founded by the Cistercians in 1151 and is one of the largest in Spain. It a burial site and is associated with the Crown of Aragon. |
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza | Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza | | Andalusia | 2003 | 522; ii, iv (cultural) | Renovations of the two towns in the 16th century were done under the emerging Renaissance style and are among the first examples of the style in Spain. |
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida | Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida | | Extremadura | 1993 | 664; iii, iv (cultural) | Mérida was founded in 25 BC by the Romans as Emerita Augusta and was the capital of the Lusitania province. Remains from the Roman era include a bridge, aqueduct, amphitheatre, theatre, circus, and forum. |
Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe | Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe | | Extremadura | 1993 | 665; iv, vi (cultural) | The monastery is home of Our Lady of Guadalupe, a shrine to Mary found in the 13th century after being buried from Muslim invaders in 714. The Virgin of Guadalupe and the monastery served as important symbols during the Reconquista, culminating in 1492, the same year as Columbus' discovery of America. The Guadalupe Virgin became an important symbol during the evangelization of America. |
Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain | Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain | | Aragon, Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country, Castile and León, Galicia, Navarre and La Rioja | 1993 | 669; ii, iv, vi (cultural) | The Route, or the Way of St. James, Commonly known as Camino de Santiago, is a pilgrimage from the French-Spanish border to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, where the apostle James is believed to be buried. |
| Doñana National Park | | Andalusia | 1994 | 685; vii, ix, x (natural) | The park consists of the delta region where the Guadalquivir River reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is home to a diverse variety of biotopes, such as lagoons, marshlands, dunes, and maquis. The park is one of the largest heronries in the Mediterranean region and holds more than 500,000 water fowl during the winter period. |
Pirineos – Monte Perdido* | Pirineos – Monte Perdido* | | Aragon | 1997 | 773; iii, iv, v, vii, viii (mixed) | The site contains the Pyrenees mountain chain along the French-Spanish border. The Spanish portion contains two of the largest canyons in Europe, while the French side contains three large cirque walls. |
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca | Historic Walled Town of Cuenca | | Castile-La Mancha | 1996 | 781; ii, v (cultural) | The Moors built the fortified city in the early 8th century, and it was captured by the Christians in the 12th century. The cathedral is the first Gothic example in Spain. The town is also famous for its casas colgadas, houses that hang over the edge of a cliff. |
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia | La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia | | Valencian Community | 1996 | 782; i, iv (cultural) | La Lonja (or Llotja in Valencian language) de la Seda means Silk Exchange in English, and the group of Gothic buildings demonstrate the wealth of Valencia as an important Mediterranean and European mercantile city in the period. |
| Las Médulas | | Castile and León | 1997 | 803; i, ii, iii, iv (cultural) | The Romans established a gold mine and worked the site for two centuries. They used an early form of hydraulic mining and cut aqueducts in the rock cliffs to provide water for the operations. The Romans left in the early 3rd century, leaving sheer cliff faces and mining infrastructure that is intact today. |
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona | Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona | | Catalonia | 1997 | 804; i, ii, iv (cultural) | Both buildings were constructed in the early 20th century and designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner in the modernist Art Nouveau movement that was very popular in Barcelona in that period. The two buildings are Montaner's most famous works. |
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries | San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries | | La Rioja | 1997 | 805; ii, iv, vi (cultural) | The original Suso monastery was founded in the mid-6th century, and is the location where the Glosas Emilianenses were written. The codixes are considered the first written examples of the Spanish and Basque languages, and the monastery is considered the birthplace of written and spoken Spanish. The newer Yuso monastery was built in the 16th century. |
Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde* | Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde* | | Castile and León (shared with Portugal) | 1998, 2010 (extended) | 866; ; i, iii | The original 1998 listing contained examples of Upper Paleolithic rock art in the Côa Valley of Portugal. In 2010 it was extended to include 645 engravings in the archaeological zone of Siega Verde in Spain. The two sites represent the most well-preserved collection of open-air Paleolithic art in the Iberian peninsula. |
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula | Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula | | Andalusia, Aragon, Castile-La Mancha, Catalonia, Murcia, and Valencia | 1998 | 874; iii | The site includes over 750 examples of rock art from the late prehistoric period, which feature images ranging from geometric shapes to scenes of men hunting animals. |
Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco | Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco | | Catalonia | 2000 | 875; ii, iii | The prominent Roman city of Tárraco at the site of modern-day Tarragona served as the capital of the provinces of Hispania Citerior and later Hispania Tarraconensis. The amphitheatre was constructed in the 2nd century. Most remains are only fragments or preserved under more modern buildings. |
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares | University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares | | Madrid | 1998 | 876; ii, iv, vi | Cardinal Cisneros founded the University of Alcalá in 1499 and is the first example of the planned university city, serving as a model to other European universities and Spanish missionaries in America. The city is the birthplace of Miguel de Cervantes, known for his contributions to the Spanish language and Western literature. |
San Cristóbal de La Laguna | San Cristóbal de La Laguna | | Canary Islands | 1999 | 929; ii, iv | The city has an original and unplanned Upper Town, and "city-territory" Lower Town. It was Spain's first non-fortified colonial town and served as a model for development in America. Many religious-function buildings and other public and private buildings date to the 16th century. |
| Palmeral of Elche | | Valencian Community | 2000 | 930; ii, v | The grove of date palm trees was formally laid out with irrigation systems under the Moors in the 10th century. The palmeral is a rare example of Arab agricultural practices in Europe. |
| Roman Walls of Lugo | | Galicia | 2000 | 987; iv | The walls built to protect the Roman town of Lucus in the 3rd century remain entirely intact and are the best remaining example in Western Europe. |
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí | Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí | | Catalonia | 2000 | 988; ii, iv | The small valley at the edge of the Pyrenees contains churches in Romanesque style decorated with Romanesque murals, statues, and altars. The churches are unique for their tall, square bell towers. |
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca | Archaeological Site of Atapuerca | | Castile and León | 2000 | 989; iii, v | The caves in the Atapuerca Mountains contain fossil remains of the earliest human beings discovered in Europe dating from nearly one million years ago. The Sima de los Huesos or "Pit of Bones" contains the world's largest collection of hominid fossils. |
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape | Aranjuez Cultural Landscape | | Madrid | 2001 | 1044; ii, iv | The landscape around the Royal Palace of Aranjuez was developed by the Spanish royal family over a course of three centuries and contains innovative horticultural and design ideas. The area was the exclusive property of the royal family until the 19th century when the modern civilian city developed. |
| Vizcaya Bridge | | Basque Country | 2006 | 1217; i, ii | The bridge was designed by Alberto Palacio to cross the Nervion without disrupting maritime traffic to the Port of Bilbao. It was built in 1893 and is the world's first transporter bridge. |